Total nonsense.
Seven heavens is symbolic. Seven number represents the perfect and Kamal in Arabic.
Science is in collision course with the unknown.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLeaPWQc0jQ
Tuesday, September 23, 2014
Monday, September 22, 2014
صهيب بن سنان.. صحابي لازم المصطفى منذ إسلامه
صهيب بن سنان بن مالك، ويقال له الرومي؛ لأن الروم سبوه صغيرًا، فنشأ بينهم فصار ألكن، ثم اشتراه رجل من كلب فباعه بمكة، فاشتراه عبدالله بن جدعان التميمي، فأعتقه.
كان والده حاكم (الأبلة) ووليًّا عليهـا لكسرى، فهو من العرب الذين نزحوا إلى العراق قبل الإسلام بعهد طويل، وله قصـر كبير على شاطئ الفرات، فعاش صهيب طفولة ناعمة سعيدة، إلى أن سبي بهجوم رومي.
عن قصة إسلامه يقول عمار بن ياسر: لقيت صهيب بن سنان على باب دار الأرقم، ورسول الله فيها، فقلت له: ماذا تريد؟ فأجابني: ماذا تريد أنت؟ قلت له: أريد أن أدخل على محمد، فأسمع ما يقول. قال: وأنا أريد ذلك.
فدخلنا على رسول الله فعرض علينا الإسلام، فأسلمنا ثم مكثنا على ذلك حتى أمسينا، ثم خرجنا، ونحن مستخفيان فكان إسلامهما بعد بضعة وثلاثين رجلاً.
وعندما هم الرسول بالهجرة، علم صهيب به، وكان من المفروض أن يكون ثالث الرسول وأبي بكر، ولكن أعاقه الكافرون، فسبقه الرسول وأبو بكر، وحين استطاع الانطلاق في الصحراء، أدركه قناصة قريش، فصاح فيهم: "يا معشر قريش، لقد علمتم أني من أرماكم رجل، وأيم الله لا تصلون إلي حتى أرمي بكل سهم معي في كنانتي ثم أضربكم بسيفي، حتى لا يبقى في يدي منه شيء، فأقدموا إن شئتم، وإن شئتم دللتكم على مالي وتتركوني وشأني"..
فقبل المشركون المال وتركوه قائلين: أتيتنا صعلوكًا فقيرًا، فكثر مالك عندنا، وبلغت بيننا ما بلغت، والآن تنطلق بنفسك وبمالك. فدلهم على ماله وانطلق إلى المدينة، فأدرك الرسول في قباء، ولم يكد يراه الرسول حتى ناداه متهللاً: "ربح البيع أبا يحيى.. ربح البيع أبا يحيى"، فقال: يا رسول الله، ما سبقني إليك أحدٌ، وما أخبرك إلا جبريل. فنزل فيه قوله تعالى: {وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَشْرِي نَفْسَهُ ابْتِغَاءَ مَرْضَاتِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ رَءُوفٌ بِالْعِبَادِ} [البقرة: 207].
كان صهيب جوادًا كريم العطاء، ينفق كل عطائه من بيت المال في سبيل الله، يعين المحتاج ويغيث المكروب، ويطعم الطعام على حبه مسكينًا ويتيمًا وأسيرًا، حتى أثار سخاؤه المفرط انتباه عمر بن الخطاب فقال: "أراك تطعم كثيرًا حتى أنك تسرف"، فأجابه صهيب: لقد سمعت رسول الله يقول: "خياركم من أطعم الطعام ورد السلام"، فذلك الذي يحملني على أن أطعم الطعام.
يتحدث صهيب عن ولائه للإسلام فيقول: "لم يشهد رسول الله مشهدًا قط، إلا كنت حاضره، ولم يبايع بيعة قط إلا كنت حاضره، ولم يسر سرية قط إلا كنت حاضره، ولا غزا غزاة قط، أول الزمان وآخره، إلا كنت فيها عن يمينه أو شماله، وما خاف - المسلمون- أمامهم قط، إلا كنت أمامهم، ولا خافوا وراءهم، إلا كنت وراءهم، وما جعلت رسول الله بيني وبين العدو أبدًا حتى لقي ربه".
كان إلى جانب ورعه خفيف الروح، حاضر النكتة، فقد رآه الرسول يأكل رطبا، وكان بإحدى عينيه رمد، فقال له الرسول ضاحكًا: "أتأكل الرطب وفي عينيك رمد"، فأجاب قائلاً: "وأي بأس؟ إني آكله بعيني الأخرى!".
- كانت حياة صهيب مترعة بالمزايا والعظائم، فإن اختيار عمر بن الخطاب إياه ليؤم المسلمين في الصلاة مزية تملأ حياته ألفة وعظمة.
فعندما اعتدي على أمير المؤمنين وهو يصلي بالمسلمين صلاة الفجر. وعندما أحس نهاية الأجل، فراح يلقي على أصحابه وصيته وكلماته الأخيرة ثم قال: "وليصلّ بالناس صهيب".
- لقد اختار عمر يومئذ ستة من الصحابة، ووكل إليهم أمر الخليفة الجديد.. وخليفة المسلمين هو الذي يؤمهم في الصلاة، ففي الأيام الشاغرة بين وفاة أمير المؤمنين، واختيار الخليفة الجديد، يختار من يؤم المسلمين في الصلاة..
ولقد اختار عمر صهيبًا.. اختاره ليكون إمام المسلمين في الصلاة حتى ينهض الخليفة الجديد بأعباء مهمته.. اختاره وهو يعلم أن في لسانه عجمة، فكان هذا الاختيار من تمام نعمة الله على عبده الصالح صهيب بن سنان.
ومات صهيب في شوال سنة ثمان وثلاثين، وهو ابن سبعين. وكانت وفاته في المدينة المنورة.
عن قصة إسلامه يقول عمار بن ياسر: لقيت صهيب بن سنان على باب دار الأرقم، ورسول الله فيها، فقلت له: ماذا تريد؟ فأجابني: ماذا تريد أنت؟ قلت له: أريد أن أدخل على محمد، فأسمع ما يقول. قال: وأنا أريد ذلك.
فدخلنا على رسول الله فعرض علينا الإسلام، فأسلمنا ثم مكثنا على ذلك حتى أمسينا، ثم خرجنا، ونحن مستخفيان فكان إسلامهما بعد بضعة وثلاثين رجلاً.
وعندما هم الرسول بالهجرة، علم صهيب به، وكان من المفروض أن يكون ثالث الرسول وأبي بكر، ولكن أعاقه الكافرون، فسبقه الرسول وأبو بكر، وحين استطاع الانطلاق في الصحراء، أدركه قناصة قريش، فصاح فيهم: "يا معشر قريش، لقد علمتم أني من أرماكم رجل، وأيم الله لا تصلون إلي حتى أرمي بكل سهم معي في كنانتي ثم أضربكم بسيفي، حتى لا يبقى في يدي منه شيء، فأقدموا إن شئتم، وإن شئتم دللتكم على مالي وتتركوني وشأني"..
فقبل المشركون المال وتركوه قائلين: أتيتنا صعلوكًا فقيرًا، فكثر مالك عندنا، وبلغت بيننا ما بلغت، والآن تنطلق بنفسك وبمالك. فدلهم على ماله وانطلق إلى المدينة، فأدرك الرسول في قباء، ولم يكد يراه الرسول حتى ناداه متهللاً: "ربح البيع أبا يحيى.. ربح البيع أبا يحيى"، فقال: يا رسول الله، ما سبقني إليك أحدٌ، وما أخبرك إلا جبريل. فنزل فيه قوله تعالى: {وَمِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَشْرِي نَفْسَهُ ابْتِغَاءَ مَرْضَاتِ اللَّهِ وَاللَّهُ رَءُوفٌ بِالْعِبَادِ} [البقرة: 207].
كان صهيب جوادًا كريم العطاء، ينفق كل عطائه من بيت المال في سبيل الله، يعين المحتاج ويغيث المكروب، ويطعم الطعام على حبه مسكينًا ويتيمًا وأسيرًا، حتى أثار سخاؤه المفرط انتباه عمر بن الخطاب فقال: "أراك تطعم كثيرًا حتى أنك تسرف"، فأجابه صهيب: لقد سمعت رسول الله يقول: "خياركم من أطعم الطعام ورد السلام"، فذلك الذي يحملني على أن أطعم الطعام.
يتحدث صهيب عن ولائه للإسلام فيقول: "لم يشهد رسول الله مشهدًا قط، إلا كنت حاضره، ولم يبايع بيعة قط إلا كنت حاضره، ولم يسر سرية قط إلا كنت حاضره، ولا غزا غزاة قط، أول الزمان وآخره، إلا كنت فيها عن يمينه أو شماله، وما خاف - المسلمون- أمامهم قط، إلا كنت أمامهم، ولا خافوا وراءهم، إلا كنت وراءهم، وما جعلت رسول الله بيني وبين العدو أبدًا حتى لقي ربه".
كان إلى جانب ورعه خفيف الروح، حاضر النكتة، فقد رآه الرسول يأكل رطبا، وكان بإحدى عينيه رمد، فقال له الرسول ضاحكًا: "أتأكل الرطب وفي عينيك رمد"، فأجاب قائلاً: "وأي بأس؟ إني آكله بعيني الأخرى!".
- كانت حياة صهيب مترعة بالمزايا والعظائم، فإن اختيار عمر بن الخطاب إياه ليؤم المسلمين في الصلاة مزية تملأ حياته ألفة وعظمة.
فعندما اعتدي على أمير المؤمنين وهو يصلي بالمسلمين صلاة الفجر. وعندما أحس نهاية الأجل، فراح يلقي على أصحابه وصيته وكلماته الأخيرة ثم قال: "وليصلّ بالناس صهيب".
- لقد اختار عمر يومئذ ستة من الصحابة، ووكل إليهم أمر الخليفة الجديد.. وخليفة المسلمين هو الذي يؤمهم في الصلاة، ففي الأيام الشاغرة بين وفاة أمير المؤمنين، واختيار الخليفة الجديد، يختار من يؤم المسلمين في الصلاة..
ولقد اختار عمر صهيبًا.. اختاره ليكون إمام المسلمين في الصلاة حتى ينهض الخليفة الجديد بأعباء مهمته.. اختاره وهو يعلم أن في لسانه عجمة، فكان هذا الاختيار من تمام نعمة الله على عبده الصالح صهيب بن سنان.
ومات صهيب في شوال سنة ثمان وثلاثين، وهو ابن سبعين. وكانت وفاته في المدينة المنورة.
- صهيب بن سنان.. صحابي لازم المصطفى منذ إسلامه
Monday, September 15, 2014
Jihad 1914 First World War Ottoman generals mobilised their troops to fight with Germany
In the early days of the First World War a plan was hatched in Berlin to spread revolt among the Muslim populations of the Entente empires. David Motadel looks at the reasons why it failed.
On Wednesday November 11th, 1914, as the Ottoman generals mobilised their troops to fight on the side of the Central Powers, Shaykh al-Islam Ürgüplü Hayri, the highest religious authority of the caliphate in Constantinople, issued five fatwas, calling Muslims across the world for jihad against the Entente and promising them the status of martyr if they fell in battle. Three days later, in the name of Sultan-Caliph Mehmed V, the ‘Commander of the Faithful’, the decree was read out to a large crowd outside Constantinople’s Fatih Mosque. Afterwards, in an officially organised rally, masses with flags and banners moved through the streets of the Ottoman capital, calling for holy war. Across the Ottoman Empire, imams carried the message of jihad to believers in their Friday sermons. Addressing not only Ottoman subjects, but also the millions of Muslims living in the Entente empires, the proclamation was translated into Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Tatar and spread around the world. In London, Paris and St Petersburg, where officials had been haunted for decades by fears of Islamic insurgency in the Muslim-populated parts of their empires, the jihad proclamation sparked anxiety.
On Wednesday November 11th, 1914, as the Ottoman generals mobilised their troops to fight on the side of the Central Powers, Shaykh al-Islam Ürgüplü Hayri, the highest religious authority of the caliphate in Constantinople, issued five fatwas, calling Muslims across the world for jihad against the Entente and promising them the status of martyr if they fell in battle. Three days later, in the name of Sultan-Caliph Mehmed V, the ‘Commander of the Faithful’, the decree was read out to a large crowd outside Constantinople’s Fatih Mosque. Afterwards, in an officially organised rally, masses with flags and banners moved through the streets of the Ottoman capital, calling for holy war. Across the Ottoman Empire, imams carried the message of jihad to believers in their Friday sermons. Addressing not only Ottoman subjects, but also the millions of Muslims living in the Entente empires, the proclamation was translated into Arabic, Persian, Urdu and Tatar and spread around the world. In London, Paris and St Petersburg, where officials had been haunted for decades by fears of Islamic insurgency in the Muslim-populated parts of their empires, the jihad proclamation sparked anxiety.
Thursday, September 11, 2014
The Great Muslim Scientists of All Time.
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus. Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century.[5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology.
His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book.
For complete intro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi
Avicenna
Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .
Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacology, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.
He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy.
George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:
"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
Geber
He is "considered by many to be the father of chemistry.
abir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances and the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber
Al-Jazari
The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī
He was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mūn in Baghdad.
The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farghani
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.] He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is considered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.
He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist". He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology.
George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as "One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni
Al-Khazini
Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini:
"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini
Ibn al-Haytham
HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.
Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the "father of modern optics" for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors, refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines.] Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the "first scientist" for these reasons.
He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.
Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Fermat's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham
Al-Kindi
also known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was an Arabpolymath: a philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist.
In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method.] Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi
Ibn Sahl
Abu Sa`d al-`Ala' ibn Sahl) (c. 940-1000) was an Arabian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law.[1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl
Al-Ghazali
known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, physician, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin], and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali
Im Tired and rest of the scientists you can go through with this list if you are interested.lol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_scientists
I am tired now..lol If anyone else can do it then go ahead=)
Consequently he is considered to be the father of algebra,[6] a title he shares with Diophantus. Latin translations of his Arithmetic, on the Indian numerals, introduced the decimal positional number system to the Western world in the 12th century.[5] He revised and updated Ptolemy's Geography as well as writing several works on astronomy and astrology.
His contributions not only made a great impact on mathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations used to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book.
For complete intro: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi
Avicenna
Avicenna was a Persian polymath and the foremost physician and Islamic philosopher of his time. He was also an astronomer, chemist, Hafiz, logician, mathematician, physicist, poet, psychologist, scientist, Sheikh, soldier, statesman and theologian.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many Islamic and European universities up until the early 19th century .
Ibn Sīnā is regarded as a father of early modern medicine, and clinical pharmacology particularly for his introduction of systematic experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology,] his discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, the introduction of quarantine to limit the spread of contagious diseases, the introduction of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, efficacy tests, clinical pharmacology, neuropsychiatry, risk factor analysis, and the idea of a syndrome,[30] and the importance of dietetics and the influence of climate and environment on health.
He is also considered the father of the fundamental concept of momentum in physics, and regarded as a pioneer of aromatherapy.
George Sarton,, the father of the history of science, wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:
"One of the most famous exponents of Muslim universalism and an eminent figure in Islamic learning was Ibn Sina, known in the West as Avicenna (981-1037). For a thousand years he has retained his original renown as one of the greatest thinkers and medical scholars in history. His most important medical works are the Qanun (Canon) and a treatise on Cardiac drugs. The 'Qanun fi-l-Tibb' is an immense encyclopedia of medicine. It contains some of the most illuminating thoughts pertaining to distinction of mediastinitis from pleurisy; contagious nature of phthisis; distribution of diseases by water and soil; careful description of skin troubles; of sexual diseases and perversions; of nervous ailments.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna
Geber
He is "considered by many to be the father of chemistry.
abir Ibn Hayyan is widely credited with the introduction of the experimental method in alchemy, and with the invention of numerous important processes still used in modern chemistry today, such as the syntheses of hydrochloric and nitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation. His original works are highly esoteric and probably coded, though nobody today knows what the code is. On the surface, his alchemical career revolved around an elaborate chemical numerology based on consonants in the Arabic names of substances and the concept of takwin, the artificial creation of life in the alchemical laboratory. Research has also established that oldest text of Jabiran corpus must have originated in the scientific culture of northeastern Persia. This thesis is supported by the Persian language and Middle Persian terms used in the technical vocabulary.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geber
Al-Jazari
The most significant aspect of al-Jazari's machines are the mechanisms, components, ideas, methods and design features which they employ.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jazari
Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kathīr al-Farghānī
He was involved in the measurement of the diameter of the Earth together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma'mūn in Baghdad.
The Alfraganus crater on the Moon was named after him.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farghani
Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi
Razi made fundamental and enduring contributions to the fields of medicine, alchemy, and philosophy, recorded in over 184 books and articles in various fields of science. He was well-versed in Persian, Greek and Indian medical knowledge and made numerous advances in medicine through own observations and discoveries.] He was an early proponent of experimental medicine and is considered the father of pediatrics. He was also a pioneer of neurosurgery and ophthalmology.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhazes
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
physicist, an anthropologist and psychologist, an astronomer, a chemist, a critic of alchemy and astrology, an encyclopedist and historian, a geographer and traveller, a geodesist and geologist, a mathematician, a pharmacist and physician, an Islamic philosopher and Shia theologian, and a scholar and teacher, and he contributed greatly to all of these fields.
He was the first scholar to study India and the Brahminical tradition, and has been described as the father of Indology, the father of geodesy, and "the first anthropologist". He was also one of the earliest leading exponents of the experimental scientific method, and was responsible for introducing the experimental method into mechanics, the first to conduct elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena, and a pioneer of experimental psychology.
George Sarton, the father of the history of science, described Biruni as "One of the very greatest scientists of Islam, and, all considered, one of the greatest of all times.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni
Al-Khazini
Robert E. Hall wrote the following on al-Khazini:
"His hydrostatic balance can leave no doubt that as a maker of scientific instruments he is among the greatest of any time."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Khazini
Ibn al-Haytham
HE made significant contributions to the principles of optics, as well as to anatomy, astronomy, engineering, mathematics, medicine, ophthalmology, philosophy, physics, psychology, visual perception, and to science in general with his introduction of the scientific method.
Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the "father of modern optics" for his influential Book of Optics, which correctly explained and proved the modern intromission theory of vision, and for his experiments on optics, including experiments on lenses, mirrors, refraction, reflection, and the dispersion of light into its constituent colours. He studied binocular vision and the moon illusion, described the finite speed[] and rectilinear propagation of light and and argued that rays of light are streams of corpuscular energy particles[16]travelling in straight lines.] Due to his formulation of a modern quantitative, empirical and experimental approach to physics and science, he is considered the pioneer of the modern scientific method and the originator of experimental science and experimental physics, and some have described him as the "first scientist" for these reasons.
He is also considered by some to be the founder of experimental psychology for his experimental approach to the psychology of visual perception and optical illusions, and a pioneer of the philosophical field of phenomenology.
Among his other achievements, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first clear description and correct analysis of the camera obscura, discovered Fermat's principle of least time and the concept of inertia (Newton's first law of motion), discovered that the heavenly bodies were accountable to the laws of physics, presented a critique and reform of Ptolemaic astronomy, first stated Wilson's theorem in number theory, formulated and solved Alhazen's problem geometrically using early ideas related to calculus and mathematical induction,and in his optical research laid the foundations for the later development of telescopic astronomy,[34] as well as for the microscope and the use of optical aids in Renaissance art.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham
Al-Kindi
also known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was an Arabpolymath: a philosopher, scientist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist, chemist, logician, mathematician, musician, physician, physicist, psychologist, and meteorologist.
In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology, and devised several new methods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method.] Using his mathematical and medical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their medication.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kindi
Ibn Sahl
Abu Sa`d al-`Ala' ibn Sahl) (c. 940-1000) was an Arabian mathematician, physicist and optics engineer associated with the Abbasid court of Baghdad. About 984 he wrote a treatise On Burning Mirrors and Lenses in which he set out his understanding of how curved mirrors and lenses bend and focus light. Ibn Sahl is credited with first discovering the law of refraction, usually called Snell's law.[1][2] He used the law of refraction to work out the shapes of lenses that focus light with no geometric aberrations, known as anaclastic lenses.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sahl
Al-Ghazali
known as Algazel to the western medieval world, was born and died in Tus, in the Khorasan province of Persia (modern day Iran). He was a Muslim theologian, jurist, philosopher, physician, psychologist and mystic of Persian origin], and remains one of the most celebrated scholars in the history of Sufi Islamic thought. He is considered a pioneer of the methods of doubt and skepticism, and in one of his major works, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, he changed the course of early Islamic philosophy, shifting it away from the influence of ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and towards cause-and-effect that were determined by God or intermediate angels.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali
Im Tired and rest of the scientists you can go through with this list if you are interested.lol
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_scientists
I am tired now..lol If anyone else can do it then go ahead=)
Islamic Hijri Taqweem Year Month Calender
The Islamic calendar is also called the Hijra calendar, and is sometimes abbreviated A.H.
There are twelve months in the Islamic calendar:
Muharram, Safar, Rabi al-Awwal, Rabi al-Thani, Jumada al-Awwal, Jumada al-Thani, Rajab, Shaban, Ramadan, Shawwal, Dhul Qadah and Dhul Hijjah.
The first of Muharram is Islamic New Year, and is greeted with celebrations.
There are twelve months in the Islamic calendar:
Muharram, Safar, Rabi al-Awwal, Rabi al-Thani, Jumada al-Awwal, Jumada al-Thani, Rajab, Shaban, Ramadan, Shawwal, Dhul Qadah and Dhul Hijjah.
The first of Muharram is Islamic New Year, and is greeted with celebrations.
Wednesday, September 10, 2014
Wednesday, September 3, 2014
السلطان عبد الحميد بن أحمد الثالث
| عبد الحميد الأول | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||
 | |||||||
| عهد | دور جمود الدولة العثمانية | ||||||
| اللقب | السلطان | ||||||
| لقب2 | خليفة المسلمين | ||||||
| ألقاب أخرى | إصلاحچى (الإصلاحي) ،غازى (الغازي) | ||||||
| ولادة | 20 مارس 1725 | ||||||
| وفاة | 7 أبريل 1789 | ||||||
| العقيدة | مسلم سني | ||||||
| الحكم | |||||||
| التتويج | 1784 | ||||||
| العائلة الحاكمة | آل عثمان | ||||||
| السلالة الملكية | العثمانية | ||||||
| |||||||
| العائلة | |||||||
| الأب | أحمد الثالث | ||||||
| الأم | رابعة شرمي قادين سُلطان | ||||||
| تعديل | |||||||
معاهدة قينارجة[عدل]
في عهده جهزت روسيا لحملة عسكرية لاسترداد ماخسرته من هيبة في عهد مصطفى الثالثفهاجمت روسيا الجيوش العثمانية عند فارنا البلغارية وهزمتها، وتم الصلح بعد ذلك على استقلال تتار القرم وإقليم بسارابيا ومنطقة قوبان وإعطاء السفن الروسية حرية الملاحة فيالبحر الأسود والمتوسط وأن تدفع الدولة العثمانية غرامة لروسيا كل سنة وإعطاء روسيا حق حماية النصارى الأرثوذكس من رعايا الدولة العثمانية وتبني كنيسة في اسطنبول، وعرفت المعاهدة باسم معاهدة قينارجة.
وكان هدف روسيا من هذه المعاهدة فتح الطريق لاحتلال بلاد القرم (سواحل أوكرانيا حاليًا وجنوبها)، وفعلا لم تنقض المعاهدة حتى بدأت روسيا تثير الفتن الداخلية وتختلق الذرائع للتدخل في شئون البلاد وانتهى الأمر بدخول 70 ألف عسكري روسي، فأصبحت القرم من بعد هذا جزءا من روسيا، وكان ذلك في 1774م.
مما يجدر التنويه له هو تفرغ العساكر الروسية للدولة العثمانية تماما، وذلك بسبب الانتصارات التي حققتها روسيا على جيرانها حيث حيدت السويديين وعزلتهم في حدود بلادهم الطبيعية ولم تعد للسويد أية أراضي غير إسكندنافية، كما اقتسمت روسيا والنمساوبروسيا مملكة بولندا، وكان هذا مما ابتلي به عبد الحميد الأول في عهده حيث أنه كان يجدر بالسلاطين العثمانيين ووزارائهم الذين سبقوه التنبه لخطر وصية بطرس الأكبر ووضع حد لها والتي تقضي بالتوسع على حساب إضعاف ممالك الثلاث المتاخمة لروسيا (السويد وبولنداوالدولة العثمانية) حتى تتفرغ روسيا تماما لقضم الأراضي العثمانية وتحويل إسطنبول إلى عاصمة أرثوذكسية كما كانت أيام بيزنطة.
ضياع بلاد القرم[عدل]
خرقت روسيا معاهدة قينارجة باحتلالها لبلاد القرم، فجن جنون العثمانيين وأرادوا إعلان الحرب على روسيا لاسترجاع بلاد القرم، لكن فرنسا نصحت السلطان عبد الحميد بعدم الإقبال على إعلان الحرب بسبب استعداد روسيا المسبق لحرب العثمانيين ولعلم الفرنسيين عن معاهدة عسكرية سرية بين الملكة الروسية وإمبراطور النمسا لقتال العثمانيين في نفس الوقت في حال اندلاع أي حرب روسية عثمانية جديدة، لكن الملكة الروسية كاترينا استفزت مشاعر الخلافة مجددا في عام 1787م بزيارتها لأراضي القرم حيث كانت قد نصبت لها أقواس النصر المكتوب عليها (الطريق بيزنطة) والمقصود هنا هو طموح روسيا باستعادة ممتلكات الحضارة البيزنطية وإعادة السيطرة الأرثوذكسية على القسطنطينية فأعلنت الدولة العثمانية الحرب على روسيا.
ارتبكت القيادة العسكرية الروسية الغير مستعدة للحرب إلا أن ملكة روسيا كتبت إلى بوتمكين القائد الروسي للإسراع باحتلال إقليم أوزي المتاخم لبلاد القرم قبيل وصول جيش الخلافة وبالفعل دخلتها القوات الروسية، أما النمسا فقد أعدت العدة وأرسل الإمبراطور جوزيف الثاني جيشًا لانتزاع بلغراد فمني الجيش النمساوي بشر هزيمة وتعقبته العساكر العثمانية.
وفاته[عدل]
توفي عبد الحميد الأول عام 1203 هـ وخلفه ابن أخيه وهو سليم الثالث ابن مصطفى الثالث فاستغلت النمسا وروسيا وفاته لتجديد الحروب.
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)